Physics Unit30: Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity

1#

Which of the atomic particleshd o .ff7v06*cnqck)y has the least mass? (1.0 分)

A. electron

B. proton

C. neutron

D. nucleon

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2#

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The mass of an atom is-n0a,cg o:ph7 o1zq.6 eda gez (1.0 分)

A. approximately equally divided between neutrons, protons, and electrons.

B. evenly divided between the nucleus and the surrounding electron cloud.

C. concentrated in the cloud of electrons surrounding the nucleus.

D. concentrated in the nucleus.

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3#

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The hydrogen nucleus consists ps)ocm rnl*(1z ,h qq-of (1.0 分)

A. a single proton.

B. a single neutron.

C. one proton and one neutron.

D. one proton and two neutrons.

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4#

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An atom's atomic number is determined b in;k+ ;s*hfn 9dg;ao6fkq h*yy the number of (1.0 分)

A. neutrons in its nucleus.

B. nucleons in its nucleus.

C. protons in its nucleus.

D. alpha particles in its nucleus.

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5#

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An atom's mass number idz mimyxp 4kgl/*d027s determined by the number of (1.0 分)

A. neutrons in its nucleus.

B. nucleons in its nucleus.

C. protons in its nucleus.

D. alpha particles in its nucleus.

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6#

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If an atom's atomic number is given by Z, its at6cis;soh*s1qo+b x 3oomic mass by A, and its neutron number by N, which of the following is corrects;+ qo*obhsi6 x 1cos3? (1.0 分)

A. N = A + Z

B. N = Z - A

C. N = A - Z

D. none of the given answers

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7#

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When a neutron is emitted from an unstable nucleus, the atomrb( q8 g*xzou)tw -xr9ic mass number of the nucrz)-xgr w* ( bxt8q9uoleus (1.0 分)

A. increases by 1.

B. decreases by 1.

C. does not change.

D. none of the given answers

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8#

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The number of protons in an atom) wn txwke:m-d edj9m+9py0;e is (1.0 分)

A. zero.

B. equal to the number of neutrons.

C. equal to the number of electrons.

D. the same for all elements.

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9#

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There is a limit to the size of a stable nucleus becy uep 4+yh19teause of (1.0 分)

A. the limited range of the strong nuclear force.

B. the weakness of the electrostatic force.

C. the weakness of the gravitational force.

D. none of the given answers

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10#

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Atoms with the same atomic number but with different numbers of neutro. kmywokm 2g,+ns are refm+km . w2ko,gyerred to as (1.0 分)

A. nucleons.

B. nuclides.

C. isotopes.

D. none of the given answers

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11#

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Isotopes of an element have bfm4 +g-*fgz2shqwft,;-ny pnuclei with (1.0 分)

A. the same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons.

B. the same number of protons, and the same number of neutrons.

C. a different number of protons, and a different number of neutrons.

D. a different number of protons, and the same number of neutrons.

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12#

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The atomic mass unit is defivrghnjdt :z,ybu, m9w.7 r; r2ned as (1.0 分)

A. the mass of a proton.

B. the mass of an electron.

C. the mass of a hydrogen-1 atom.

D. one twelfth the mass of a carbon-12 atom.

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13#

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Compared to the masses of its separate protons and neutrons, t iwed(o l05323yq zmgmhe total mass of a stable nucleus is a (z3w3lo dqimye20gm5 lways (1.0 分)

A. less.

B. the same.

C. greater.

D. zero.

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14#

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When nucleons join to form 25fz i 4k p 7euilug vd,7 jem52sohc+tl+b1n9a stable nucleus, energy is (1.0 分)

A. destroyed.

B. absorbed.

C. released.

D. not transferred.

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15#

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The binding energy of a nucleus is con5 90gq3lp9sdrp h-*poz. mtfi tributed to (1.0 分)

A. radioactivity.

B. alpha decay.

C. too many neutrons.

D. mass defect.

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16#

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The binding energy per l ;s;s jo(s 90olr e:r9fla9lbnucleon is (1.0 分)

A. directly proportional to atomic number.

B. inversely proportional to atomic number.

C. the same for all atoms.

D. none of the given answers

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17#

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The binding energy per qux5 :bnof9zxor:7f.9 5 qzxvnucleon (1.0 分)

A. increases steadily as we go to heavier elements.

B. decreases steadily as we go to heavier elements.

C. is approximately constant throughout the periodic table, except for very light nuclei.

D. has a maximum near iron in the periodic table.

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18#

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Which of the following state+2-lxn jt 2p b -n;*xq:yqxhdrments concerning the nuclear force is false? (1.0 分)

A. The nuclear force is very short-ranged.

B. The nuclear force is very weak and much smaller in relative magnitude than the electrostatic and gravitational forces.

C. The nuclear force is attractive and not repulsive.

D. The nuclear force acts on both protons and neutrons.

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19#

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Compared to the electrostatic force, ,grippfkcb z-jj.gb5 ;4b v./the nuclear force between adjacent protons in a nucleus isgbj.,pbgvj4p5.r -i ;/f c bzk (1.0 分)

A. much weaker.

B. about the same size.

C. only slightly larger.

D. much larger.

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20#

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Alpha rays can penetrat.z;aw- qa/iioe (1.0 分)

A. air only.

B. a piece of paper.

C. several millimeters of aluminum.

D. several centimeters of lead.

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21#

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Beta rays can penetra kdd.ymfo- 2u1te (1.0 分)

A. air only.

B. a piece of paper.

C. several millimeters of aluminum.

D. several centimeters of lead.

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22#

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Gamma rays can penet.6 i-/s-4 ihfymkdem xq ./ltzrate (1.0 分)

A. air only.

B. a piece of paper.

C. several millimeters of aluminum.

D. several centimeters of lead.

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23#

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An a particle is also :5 )sostw-f1zr4 *d mmc)lobgknown as (1.0 分)

A. an electron.

B. a positron.

C. a helium nucleus.

D. a photon.

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24#

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A b- particle is also knowcz3(r z:mvshe suk77;8nl6 gfn as (1.0 分)

A. an electron.

B. a positron.

C. a helium nucleus.

D. a photon.

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25#

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A $b+$ particle is also known as (1.0 分)

A. an electron.

B. a positron.

C. a helium nucleus.

D. a photon.

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26#

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A gamma ray is also knowv iu6;idgkwe( ttou ba qf,za:6u(6n(cf54p3n as (1.0 分)

A. an electron.

B. a positron.

C. a helium nucleus.

D. a photon.

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27#

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An alpha particle will be attr9f nv4( qzwxnff u+;ofof9e6 )acted to a (1.0 分)

A. gamma ray.

B. proton.

C. positive charge.

D. negative charge.

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28#

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Alpha particles have av: pfhg11(;tn8hgh+nkphpt6 n atomic mass equal to (1.0 分)

A. 1.

B. 2.

C. 4.

D. 6.

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29#

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When an alpha particle i-oa h o 6oa6)mvv iw6hdfp:81us emitted from an unstable nucleus, the atomic mass number oo68dao u6i v hwvmp-6haf o)1:f the nucleus (1.0 分)

A. increases by 2.

B. decreases by 2.

C. increases by 4.

D. decreases by 4.

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30#

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When an alpha particle zp 4rs0ecfa pm7. ag)1is emitted from an unstable nucleus, the atomic number of the nu 7.0aaepz pf4g)rscm1cleus (1.0 分)

A. increases by 2.

B. decreases by 2.

C. increases by 4.

D. decreases by 4.

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31#

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The expression (MX - MY - Ma)qb+2)be ob,ck pv( 5xz x 931.5 represents (1.0 分)

A. the binding energy of the nucleus X.

B. the binding energy of the nucleus Y.

C. the energy released when nucleus X undergoes alpha decay.

D. the energy released when nucleus Y undergoes alpha decay.

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32#

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In beta decay (1.0 分)

A. a proton is emitted.

B. a neutron is emitted.

C. an electron is emitted.

D. an electron decays into another particle.

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33#

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During $b+$ decay (1.0 分)

A. a neutron is transformed to a proton.

B. a proton is transformed to a neutron.

C. a neutron is ejected from the nucleus.

D. a proton is ejected from the nucleus.

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34#

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During $b-$ decay (1.0 分)

A. a neutron is transformed to a proton.

B. a proton is transformed to a neutron.

C. a neutron is ejected from the nucleus.

D. a proton is ejected from the nucleus.

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35#

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When a $b+$ particle is emitted from an unstable nucleus, the atomic number of the nucleus (1.0 分)

A. increases by 1.

B. decreases by 1.

C. does not change.

D. none of the given answers

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36#

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When a $b-$ particle is emitted from an unstable nucleus, the atomic number of the nucleus (1.0 分)

A. increases by 1.

B. decreases by 1.

C. does not change.

D. none of the given answers

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37#

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When a $b-$ particle is emitted from an unstable nucleus, the atomic mass number of the nucleus (1.0 分)

A. increases by 1.

B. decreases by 1.

C. does not change.

D. none of the given answers

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38#

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Which of the following is most nearly the same as a gamma rayvn.odo1h2 m/ n? (1.0 分)

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39#

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When a gamma ray is emitted from asa49 wh /o,civp6w) 4mecdud )p.w (wsn unstable nucleus, (1.0 分)

A. the number of neutrons and the number of protons drop by two.

B. the number of neutrons drops by one and the number of protons increases by one.

C. there is no change in either the number of neutrons or the number of protons.

D. none of the given answers

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40#

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Which particle has the mbx*n fpz 2blc5c4w8 q8ost mass? (1.0 分)

A. alpha

B. beta

C. electron

D. gamma

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41#

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In all three types of radtkn7d3z:n3g t*gd ye ,ioactive decay, what value is conserved in addition to electric cha:z37t ntyd* e,n3gk gdrge, energy, and momentum? (1.0 分)

A. atomic number

B. neutron number

C. nucleon number

D. none of the given answers

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42#

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What happens to the half-life of a radioactive substance as it decays?0jdkcv-gxn ,-7 xm 67a pynyv+ (1.0 分)

A. It remains constant.

B. It increases.

C. It decreases.

D. It could do any of these.

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43#

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In radioactive dating, carbon-14 is;t *7sap 6enle often used. This nucleus emits a single beta particle when it decaye sn*atl76p;e s. When this happens, the resulting nucleus is (1.0 分)

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44#

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The type of detector that uses a magnetic field to cur.b a hb88-hkqhve charged particles is a (1.0 分)

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45#

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The type of detector txtzkev k)7 )o*hat uses liquid hydrogen is a (1.0 分)

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46#

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Cloud chambers have been replaced by bubble f:6+y ()ka u1yf 4lckxeaj8eq chambers because (1.0 分)

A. the radioactive clouds were too dangerous to work with.

B. the density of fluids is greater than the density of vapors.

C. bubble chambers tend to be larger and more expensive.

D. gamma rays are visible in bubble chambers, but not in cloud chambers.

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47#

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An element with atomic mass number of 14 and atomic number 6 has howl4o d dlcsvj0w2, abhyyr50fmz7 0+k , many protons? 05h0yyl,v+am l zj wckf7,s02b dro4d (1.0 分)

A. 6

B. 8

C. 14

D. 20

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48#

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An element with atomic mass number of 14 and atomic numb dn;lsyvysc 1f;x2u,zxdi* .-b 8y( uder 6 has how many neutrons;2(i*su,f8bdddy-.1z vnx ;yy lx csu? (1.0 分)

A. 6

B. 8

C. 14

D. 20

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49#

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The atomic number and mass numbvc2n lc6 gg,9ber for calcium 39 are 20 and 39, respectively. How many nucleons a6v,cggb 9l c2nre in one atom? (1.0 分)

A. 1

B. 19

C. 20

D. 39

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50#

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The atomic number and mass number for calcium 39 are 20 and 3 sax; v(j07kbh9, respectively. Hbaj;h v k70(sxow many electrons are in one atom? (1.0 分)

A. 1

B. 19

C. 20

D. 39

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51#

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The atomic number and mas6q;f gut*m2cx 0;uz djs number for calcium 39 are 20 and 39, respectively. How many protons are i 06umj2 zf*t;dcqx ;gun one atom? (1.0 分)

A. 1

B. 19

C. 20

D. 39

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52#

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The atomic number and mass number for calcium 39 are 20 and 39, respefihopa ,4 z9snheh;)amys:7*ctively. How many neu7h* mi)oy4z;,f9s eh: a ahnpstrons are in one atom? (1.0 分)

A. 1

B. 19

C. 20

D. 39

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53#

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In a 93 Nb nucleus, the number of protons, neug x5(a2ixw.r ntrons, and electrons is 41 (1.0 分)

A. 41, 52, 93.

B. 41, 52, 52.

C. 41, 52, 41.

D. 41, 52, 0.

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54#

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How many protons are there in the ca.kj9a0pd5p( 8 nojqi5mti 84 3tppcdwrbon-14 nucleus? (1.0 分)

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55#

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If an element of atomic number 15 has an isotope of massw:91:lxxfj5c ncu p:l number 32, (1.0 分)

A. the number of neutrons in the nucleus is 15.

B. the number of neutrons in the nucleus is 17.

C. the number of protons in the nucleus is 17.

D. the number of nucleons in the nucleus is 15.

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56#

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Calculate the binding eneqt rj.0)tdz+hstj62 f rgy of $^4He$. (1.0 分)

A. $28.3 \; MeV$

B. $20.4 \; MeV$

C. $14.2 \; MeV$

D. $7.80 \; MeV$

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57#

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How much energy is requiretky8/ f) :ltcld to remove one proton from $^9Be$? (1.0 分)

A. $16.9 \; MeV$

B. $19.6 \; MeV$

C. $58.2 \; MeV$

D. $82.5 \; MeV$

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58#

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An element with atomic number 88 goes through alpha decay. Its atomic number difp a6,(sd5k is as6d5fdpk ,i(now (1.0 分)

A. 80.

B. 84.

C. 86.

D. 88.

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59#

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An atom has 98 protons and 249 nucleons. If it undergoes alpha zi+ejl .+ 8iww bt,wq9decay, what are the number ofw8t l qie+z,wb9+ w.ji protons and neutrons, respectively, in the daughter nucleus? (1.0 分)

A. 100, 245

B. 94, 247

C. 96, 245

D. 100, 249

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60#

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A carbon-14 nucleus decays to a nitrogseidv +u:x7j 1p aga9t(sp, s6en-14 nucleus by beta decay. How much energy (in MeV) is released if carbon-14 has a mass of 14.003242 u and nitrogepa1s p7s, 6:tda+u is9(gjx ven-14 has a mass of 14.003074 u? (1.0 分)

A. $0.0157 \; MeV$

B. $0.157 \; MeV$

C. $1.57 \; MeV$

D. $15.7 \; MeV$

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61#

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An element with atomic number 6 n5 mcd(d(ow8q xf.v z.undergoes $b-$ decay. Its atomic number is now (1.0 分)

A. 7.

B. 6.

C. 5.

D. 2.

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62#

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If the half-life of a materiabi8 sb2 rhbh/i fzvt.8lab;9 1h:m+hpl is 45 years, how much will be left after 100 yearsht 12 ;b/h. fb 8+i:hpsbmr8izba9v hl? (1.0 分)

A. more than 1/2

B. less than 1/2

C. more than 1/4

D. less than 1/4

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63#

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If $4.0 \times 10^{18} \; atoms$ decay with a half-life of 2.3 years, how many are remaining after 3.7 years? (1.0 分)

A. $2.5 \times 10^{18}$

B. $1.7 \times 10^{18}$

C. $1.3 \times 10^{18}$

D. $1.1 \times 10^{18}$

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64#

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What is the probability th4 ic cq7zxkf:9at an atom will decay this year if its half-life is 247 yf4zqxk9c:ic 7 ears? (1.0 分)

A. 0.0017

B. 0.0028

C. 0.017

D. 0.071

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65#

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A Thallium source was xux9sz (2lk heh 7 1**qbc0suicertified at $10 \; \mu Ci$ ten years ago. What is its activity now if the half-life is 3.7 years? (1.0 分)

A. $4.7 \; \mu Ci$

B. $3.3 \; \mu Ci$

C. $1.5 \; \mu Ci$

D. $1.0 \; \mu Ci$

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66#

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A radioactive sample has a half-life of 10 min. What fraction of the sample i q8vh0u7mxf/ms left after 40 minm7 fxq/0hu v8m? (1.0 分)

A. 1/2

B. 1/4

C. 1/8

D. 1/16

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67#

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The half-life of radioactive im 73vh8ev fnu;2n.xcyodine-137 is 8.0 days. How many iodine nuclei are necessary to produce an activineyxv3n vu;.f27 hmc8ty of $1.0 \; \mu Ci$? (1.0 分)

A. $2.9 \times 10^{9}$

B. $4.6 \times 10^{9}$

C. $3.7 \times 10^{10}$

D. $7.6 \times 10^{12}$

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68#

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A radioactive substance with a half-life of 3.0 days has an initial acttouiz ri+:3 7im4 s0ooivity of 3siiz7 0o4+:tmo riuo$0.24 \; Ci$. What is its activity after 6.0 days? (1.0 分)

A. $0.12 \; Ci$

B. $0.48 \; Ci$

C. $0.06 \; Ci$

D. none of the given answers

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69#

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The radioactivity due to carn;xhr;1s e (qq ,uk9d mka(+imbon-14 measured in a piece of a wooden casket from an ancient burial site was found to produce 20 counts per minute from a given samplequ(dk(;,m1rk+ h qxs9 ;me ain, whereas the same amount of carbon from a piece of living wood produced 160 counts per minute. The half-life of carbon-14, a beta emitter, is 5730 years. Thus we would estimate the age of the artifact to be about (1.0 分)

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70#

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How long would it takea.kb+t 8lyo( a $4.0 \times 10^{20} \; atoms$ to decay to $1.0 \times 10^{19} \; atoms$ if their half-life was 14.7 years? (1.0 分)

A. $29.4 \; years$

B. $58.8 \; years$

C. $78.2 \; years$

D. $147 \; years$

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71#

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How long will it take a f83 nrl9- b8x xsxdd1f$4.5 \; Ci$ sample of material to reach an activity level of $0.14 \; Ci$ if the half-life is 435 years? (1.0 分)

A. $14,478 \; years$

B. $3245 \; years$

C. $2178 \; years$

D. $1993 \; years$

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