Physics Unit30: Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity

1#

Which of the atomic particles hp u4c6ipmpu0 0as the least mass? (1.0 分)

A. electron

B. proton

C. neutron

D. nucleon

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2#

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The mass of an atom isz n6txiig;vl+/h s9.ub.-ua. romx+ i (1.0 分)

A. approximately equally divided between neutrons, protons, and electrons.

B. evenly divided between the nucleus and the surrounding electron cloud.

C. concentrated in the cloud of electrons surrounding the nucleus.

D. concentrated in the nucleus.

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3#

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The hydrogen nucleus consists5rr 3 (ou)vfbe of (1.0 分)

A. a single proton.

B. a single neutron.

C. one proton and one neutron.

D. one proton and two neutrons.

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4#

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An atom's atomic number is determined by thb.sq6 x3t h0fse number of (1.0 分)

A. neutrons in its nucleus.

B. nucleons in its nucleus.

C. protons in its nucleus.

D. alpha particles in its nucleus.

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5#

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An atom's mass number is determined by the num 1t+xdzm- 44tzdaw /th;k1/ktwzspnle-- k)p ber of (1.0 分)

A. neutrons in its nucleus.

B. nucleons in its nucleus.

C. protons in its nucleus.

D. alpha particles in its nucleus.

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6#

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If an atom's atomic number is giv;4xk *lddt *)-se nje j(l.szden by Z, its atomic mass by A, and its neutron number by N, which of the following e4 xjnzdl-tj) ;e*ds*ksl.d(is correct? (1.0 分)

A. N = A + Z

B. N = Z - A

C. N = A - Z

D. none of the given answers

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7#

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When a neutron is emdmji0 d4sidb34ym,vt g.l2e+ u-,d ygitted from an unstable nucleus, the atomic mass number of thv2tbl- idmd.md y,s,gige 4 +0j4dy u3e nucleus (1.0 分)

A. increases by 1.

B. decreases by 1.

C. does not change.

D. none of the given answers

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8#

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The number of protons a 1(xc tyweq1 f84+jzain an atom is (1.0 分)

A. zero.

B. equal to the number of neutrons.

C. equal to the number of electrons.

D. the same for all elements.

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9#

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There is a limit to the size of y4+ pu sul2kzv)+a ;ixa stable nucleus because of (1.0 分)

A. the limited range of the strong nuclear force.

B. the weakness of the electrostatic force.

C. the weakness of the gravitational force.

D. none of the given answers

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10#

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Atoms with the same atomic number but wit*kjw v)g/is u) 3f-qf1mv7yaqh different numbers of neutrons are referre-qmif7vg 1wqu s/ f)y3ajv*k)d to as (1.0 分)

A. nucleons.

B. nuclides.

C. isotopes.

D. none of the given answers

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11#

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Isotopes of an element have nuclet:-* r0nmk wgd,el wc+: gw4nvi with (1.0 分)

A. the same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons.

B. the same number of protons, and the same number of neutrons.

C. a different number of protons, and a different number of neutrons.

D. a different number of protons, and the same number of neutrons.

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12#

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The atomic mass unit ig u -h6c/h9q y n)ojc8is1yd.ws defined as (1.0 分)

A. the mass of a proton.

B. the mass of an electron.

C. the mass of a hydrogen-1 atom.

D. one twelfth the mass of a carbon-12 atom.

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13#

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Compared to the masses of its rv0x )zv q:ockbo(/-y separate protons and neutrons, the total mass of a stable nucleu:ok0cv/ vr-bxoq y )z(s is always (1.0 分)

A. less.

B. the same.

C. greater.

D. zero.

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14#

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When nucleons join to fosfln80h; lbs4.-x bha rm a stable nucleus, energy is (1.0 分)

A. destroyed.

B. absorbed.

C. released.

D. not transferred.

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15#

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The binding energy of a nucleus is r; iqlx p+;w6bcontributed to (1.0 分)

A. radioactivity.

B. alpha decay.

C. too many neutrons.

D. mass defect.

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16#

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The binding energy per nucleon i vm;lbk0d+8h or ey:4us (1.0 分)

A. directly proportional to atomic number.

B. inversely proportional to atomic number.

C. the same for all atoms.

D. none of the given answers

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17#

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The binding energy poc3/g,gy 4kwi *-fbrfh7h6cwer nucleon (1.0 分)

A. increases steadily as we go to heavier elements.

B. decreases steadily as we go to heavier elements.

C. is approximately constant throughout the periodic table, except for very light nuclei.

D. has a maximum near iron in the periodic table.

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18#

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Which of the following s+dec83-go tkc tatements concerning the nuclear force is false? (1.0 分)

A. The nuclear force is very short-ranged.

B. The nuclear force is very weak and much smaller in relative magnitude than the electrostatic and gravitational forces.

C. The nuclear force is attractive and not repulsive.

D. The nuclear force acts on both protons and neutrons.

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19#

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Compared to the electrostatic force, the nuclear force between adjacenfjz vlq5) r5a1t protons in a nucleqlfvj5z1 )a 5rus is (1.0 分)

A. much weaker.

B. about the same size.

C. only slightly larger.

D. much larger.

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20#

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Alpha rays can penetra1z6q7f t:kib ote (1.0 分)

A. air only.

B. a piece of paper.

C. several millimeters of aluminum.

D. several centimeters of lead.

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21#

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Beta rays can penetrsj s(b3djq7e5dpf d 46bo (51j v0jqsbate (1.0 分)

A. air only.

B. a piece of paper.

C. several millimeters of aluminum.

D. several centimeters of lead.

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22#

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Gamma rays can penetr w zo3 -,9gt34eri xyd+hffi.gate (1.0 分)

A. air only.

B. a piece of paper.

C. several millimeters of aluminum.

D. several centimeters of lead.

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23#

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An a particle is also knownp (h fpdxu3mm1b 0(t5q as (1.0 分)

A. an electron.

B. a positron.

C. a helium nucleus.

D. a photon.

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24#

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A b- particle is also know;eoahmx( 2 z,(nnyc9vn as (1.0 分)

A. an electron.

B. a positron.

C. a helium nucleus.

D. a photon.

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25#

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A $b+$ particle is also known as (1.0 分)

A. an electron.

B. a positron.

C. a helium nucleus.

D. a photon.

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26#

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A gamma ray is also knownzop1yy -ug8 1w9u-ewb d.3rrh as (1.0 分)

A. an electron.

B. a positron.

C. a helium nucleus.

D. a photon.

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27#

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An alpha particle will be f b+)rigg)b89b*;yby:8 xcg7wotiylattracted to a (1.0 分)

A. gamma ray.

B. proton.

C. positive charge.

D. negative charge.

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28#

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Alpha particles have an atomic mass equa;s cmf8gv 5lj7l to (1.0 分)

A. 1.

B. 2.

C. 4.

D. 6.

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29#

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When an alpha particle is emitted dq*q q, o-(b67.u 1kqkoktvlprac-. jfrom an unstable nucleus, the atomic mass number of the nucleuobda q,ljkku*6qo- .v(1q pt7 cr.qk- s (1.0 分)

A. increases by 2.

B. decreases by 2.

C. increases by 4.

D. decreases by 4.

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30#

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When an alpha particle is emitted from an unstable nucleus, the aton* f(4:1ffvv py a4bmcmic number of the c1vf4m:4v*yfafnp (b nucleus (1.0 分)

A. increases by 2.

B. decreases by 2.

C. increases by 4.

D. decreases by 4.

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31#

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The expression (MX - MY -;tg( xtr -ivy- Ma) x 931.5 represents (1.0 分)

A. the binding energy of the nucleus X.

B. the binding energy of the nucleus Y.

C. the energy released when nucleus X undergoes alpha decay.

D. the energy released when nucleus Y undergoes alpha decay.

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32#

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In beta decay (1.0 分)

A. a proton is emitted.

B. a neutron is emitted.

C. an electron is emitted.

D. an electron decays into another particle.

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33#

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During $b+$ decay (1.0 分)

A. a neutron is transformed to a proton.

B. a proton is transformed to a neutron.

C. a neutron is ejected from the nucleus.

D. a proton is ejected from the nucleus.

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34#

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During $b-$ decay (1.0 分)

A. a neutron is transformed to a proton.

B. a proton is transformed to a neutron.

C. a neutron is ejected from the nucleus.

D. a proton is ejected from the nucleus.

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35#

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When a $b+$ particle is emitted from an unstable nucleus, the atomic number of the nucleus (1.0 分)

A. increases by 1.

B. decreases by 1.

C. does not change.

D. none of the given answers

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36#

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When a $b-$ particle is emitted from an unstable nucleus, the atomic number of the nucleus (1.0 分)

A. increases by 1.

B. decreases by 1.

C. does not change.

D. none of the given answers

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37#

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When a $b-$ particle is emitted from an unstable nucleus, the atomic mass number of the nucleus (1.0 分)

A. increases by 1.

B. decreases by 1.

C. does not change.

D. none of the given answers

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38#

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Which of the following is most nearly the sq un*m8:dux,l o5frb 6ame as a gamma ray? (1.0 分)

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39#

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When a gamma ray is emitted from an unstable nucl a2jsn+ac 27+jm,vxo keus, (1.0 分)

A. the number of neutrons and the number of protons drop by two.

B. the number of neutrons drops by one and the number of protons increases by one.

C. there is no change in either the number of neutrons or the number of protons.

D. none of the given answers

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40#

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Which particle has the xg4x2k2 gmzd7kf4w4w rq b4 b/most mass? (1.0 分)

A. alpha

B. beta

C. electron

D. gamma

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41#

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In all three types of radioactive decay, what value is conserved in additioa8 ) /(gi w blg;prjtg5)qzkj;n to electric charge, energy, and momentrgiglzbjt)8j)q a5 pg /(;w;kum? (1.0 分)

A. atomic number

B. neutron number

C. nucleon number

D. none of the given answers

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42#

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What happens to the half-life of a radioactive substancku-z*kc(m y 0ce as it decays? (1.0 分)

A. It remains constant.

B. It increases.

C. It decreases.

D. It could do any of these.

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43#

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In radioactive dating, c;bp(ka( x qcty)2haa 1arbon-14 is often used. This nucleus emits a single beta particle when it decays. When this hapy) ha2 p1ta(kqc bx;(apens, the resulting nucleus is (1.0 分)

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44#

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The type of detector that uses a magnetic xy,l 5ugkt3mrw j-)4xfield to curve charged particles is a (1.0 分)

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45#

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The type of detector that uses liquid ,brcr7b0) sj ihydrogen is a (1.0 分)

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46#

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Cloud chambers have been replacej ))kf/spj-n2h )sh/ cnv*yx dd by bubble chambers because (1.0 分)

A. the radioactive clouds were too dangerous to work with.

B. the density of fluids is greater than the density of vapors.

C. bubble chambers tend to be larger and more expensive.

D. gamma rays are visible in bubble chambers, but not in cloud chambers.

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47#

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An element with atomic u:wzz.tmkh kn- sh+.7 e10hqi mass number of 14 and atomic number 6 has how many protons1kzh k ht-i: u.n+h.0sqzmw7e? (1.0 分)

A. 6

B. 8

C. 14

D. 20

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48#

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An element with atomic mass number of 14 and atomic number 6 has cle5c;df .g7 fajh 1,thow many neutrons?e7.5f l1catcdhf gj,; (1.0 分)

A. 6

B. 8

C. 14

D. 20

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49#

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The atomic number and massiaj x.; vv.j3o xudl: r/x3/kt number for calcium 39 are 20 and 39, respectively. How many nucleons are in one atom?k.xlji/j. x ua od 3v;:r/t3xv (1.0 分)

A. 1

B. 19

C. 20

D. 39

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50#

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The atomic number and mass number for calcium 39 are 20 and 39, respectiveemew 0fq4 1/hrly. How many electrons are in one qme0f 4hwr1e /atom? (1.0 分)

A. 1

B. 19

C. 20

D. 39

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51#

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The atomic number and mass number for calc cv/v+hww:1a3d ) ghtcium 39 are 20 and 39, respectively. How many prh)3v a vc+wdcw/th :1gotons are in one atom? (1.0 分)

A. 1

B. 19

C. 20

D. 39

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52#

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The atomic number and mass number for calciuqu165 wbrf+l 0 knsb+ro xtff g81mz-,m 39 are 20 and 39, respectively. Howfb1mrxk81+ rgf6n0-5 wq s ,fo ublz+t many neutrons are in one atom? (1.0 分)

A. 1

B. 19

C. 20

D. 39

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53#

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In a 93 Nb nucleus, the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons is 4;vg55h;t -ms 5dhlust1 (1.0 分)

A. 41, 52, 93.

B. 41, 52, 52.

C. 41, 52, 41.

D. 41, 52, 0.

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54#

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How many protons ared4xk9 59gpeyme+ 3ys+w mn-f5+ gu fbj there in the carbon-14 nucleus? (1.0 分)

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55#

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If an element of atomic number 15 has w b85p+djuk: .h wcf7qan isotope of mass number 32, (1.0 分)

A. the number of neutrons in the nucleus is 15.

B. the number of neutrons in the nucleus is 17.

C. the number of protons in the nucleus is 17.

D. the number of nucleons in the nucleus is 15.

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56#

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Calculate the binding ene wkxsfbo2o0 )w1r m5hoid0( r:rgy of $^4He$. (1.0 分)

A. $28.3 \; MeV$

B. $20.4 \; MeV$

C. $14.2 \; MeV$

D. $7.80 \; MeV$

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57#

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How much energy is required to re3zm*1z bdpf w*move one proton from $^9Be$? (1.0 分)

A. $16.9 \; MeV$

B. $19.6 \; MeV$

C. $58.2 \; MeV$

D. $82.5 \; MeV$

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58#

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An element with atomic number 88 goes through alpha decay. Its atomicumffp4l9e+ot 4l vk c15 h+sq- number is ntc-k1mp9+l 4voq4f f 5eul +show (1.0 分)

A. 80.

B. 84.

C. 86.

D. 88.

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59#

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An atom has 98 protons and 249 nucleoffmwv23t*w .- xclz 5fl e/ug6ns. If it undergoes alpha decay, what are the number of protons anfwcxfuw63ml f z.ev/l2gt- 5*d neutrons, respectively, in the daughter nucleus? (1.0 分)

A. 100, 245

B. 94, 247

C. 96, 245

D. 100, 249

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60#

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A carbon-14 nucleus decays to a nitrogen-14 nucleus by wytplwr /m8 r9m8* 5e)vhmw) rbeta decay. How much energy (in MeV) is *e8tvwh)rr mw yl8w/ p5mm9r )released if carbon-14 has a mass of 14.003242 u and nitrogen-14 has a mass of 14.003074 u? (1.0 分)

A. $0.0157 \; MeV$

B. $0.157 \; MeV$

C. $1.57 \; MeV$

D. $15.7 \; MeV$

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61#

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An element with atomic numvb:2ul* rcnw.ber 6 undergoes $b-$ decay. Its atomic number is now (1.0 分)

A. 7.

B. 6.

C. 5.

D. 2.

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62#

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If the half-life of a material is 45 years, how much wik5n8 i f-hwh(hll be left after 100 years?hf8(kn hw i-h5 (1.0 分)

A. more than 1/2

B. less than 1/2

C. more than 1/4

D. less than 1/4

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63#

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If $4.0 \times 10^{18} \; atoms$ decay with a half-life of 2.3 years, how many are remaining after 3.7 years? (1.0 分)

A. $2.5 \times 10^{18}$

B. $1.7 \times 10^{18}$

C. $1.3 \times 10^{18}$

D. $1.1 \times 10^{18}$

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64#

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What is the probability that an atom will decay this year if nf5in 4;lgvt-v.o+kk its half-life is 247 years?nn- lvg.viofk k5 ;+t4 (1.0 分)

A. 0.0017

B. 0.0028

C. 0.017

D. 0.071

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65#

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A Thallium source was certifiedj5(mzwa k06iqjtv6f 4 at $10 \; \mu Ci$ ten years ago. What is its activity now if the half-life is 3.7 years? (1.0 分)

A. $4.7 \; \mu Ci$

B. $3.3 \; \mu Ci$

C. $1.5 \; \mu Ci$

D. $1.0 \; \mu Ci$

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66#

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A radioactive sample has a half-life of 10 min. What fraction of the sa( dgwta79(2g:t joha hqa0f ,fmple is wg2qg:ft7doj9t aafh0 h (,a(left after 40 min? (1.0 分)

A. 1/2

B. 1/4

C. 1/8

D. 1/16

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67#

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The half-life of radioactive iodine-137 is 8.0 days. H1b ho*d8,ppsxow many iodine nuclei are x8ppo,bs* d1hnecessary to produce an activity of $1.0 \; \mu Ci$? (1.0 分)

A. $2.9 \times 10^{9}$

B. $4.6 \times 10^{9}$

C. $3.7 \times 10^{10}$

D. $7.6 \times 10^{12}$

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68#

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A radioactive substance w++z snd,4/6veptgatr ith a half-life of 3.0 days has an initial activity of +at46 dnv/, +ztsegp r$0.24 \; Ci$. What is its activity after 6.0 days? (1.0 分)

A. $0.12 \; Ci$

B. $0.48 \; Ci$

C. $0.06 \; Ci$

D. none of the given answers

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69#

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The radioactivity due to carbon-14 meafag zp(zbgk m: .f z5r+wk0/d7 j1sf(csured in a piece of a wooden casket from an ancient burial site was found to produce 20 counts per minute from a given sample, whereas the same amount of carbon from a piece of living wood produced 160 counts per minute. The half-life of carbon-14, a beta emitter, is 5730 years. Thus we would estimate the age of the artifact torbfgz mzf : kj s5p17(w/.g fd(a0kz+c be about (1.0 分)

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70#

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How long would it take nwmy1b 4zc lor 354th7bp2b 7h$4.0 \times 10^{20} \; atoms$ to decay to $1.0 \times 10^{19} \; atoms$ if their half-life was 14.7 years? (1.0 分)

A. $29.4 \; years$

B. $58.8 \; years$

C. $78.2 \; years$

D. $147 \; years$

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71#

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How long will it take h.2ou9 :;t)dlvqmwjga $4.5 \; Ci$ sample of material to reach an activity level of $0.14 \; Ci$ if the half-life is 435 years? (1.0 分)

A. $14,478 \; years$

B. $3245 \; years$

C. $2178 \; years$

D. $1993 \; years$

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