When moving from mateip6xdtw 83 cd 271dudprial $A$ to material $B$, the direction of a ray of light moves away from the normal. If $n_{A}$ and $n_{B}$ are the refractive indices of materials $A$ and $B$ respectively, then which of the following statements is true in this situation?

  The diagram shows a wave approachimm:i t;dk*s1i6 o) fltng an aperture.


Which diagram correctly shows the resulting diffraction pattern for the wave?

  Which image shows the corre wg3dfkdij) /4gf :x+u( rsp1tct ray diagram for light passing from air into water?gdrfgw(ikf dxup/ 1)t3sj4+:

  When does diffraction occur? dk0zoqk2(xble09h2 c

  The diagram below shows an arrangement used to investigate dou 2hhwi1f-s4 itble slit interference using microwavh 2 -i1ft4swihes.



The diagram below shows the view from above:



The microwaves from the transmitter are polarised. These waves are detected by the aerial in the microwave detector (probe). The aerial is a vertical metal rod.

The detector is moved along the dotted line UY. As it is moved, maximum and minimum signals are detected. Maximum signals are first detected at points $\mathrm{V}$ and $W$. The next maximum signal is detected at the position $X$.

The distances between each of the two slits, $S_{1}$ and $S_{2}$ and the microwave receiver when the aerial is in position $\mathrm{X}$ are $\mathrm{S}_{1} \mathrm{X}=$ $0.3335 \mathrm{~m}$ and $\mathrm{S}_{2} \mathrm{X}=0.3615 \mathrm{~m}$

Find the wavelength of the microwave and select the two correct reasons that explain why the signal strength falls to a minimum between $U$ and $V$, and between $V$ and W.

  Ray diagrams can be used to show the reflection, ref97j ar mxk/sz0raction and transmission of light at the boundary between mediak0jazr7m xs9/.


In the diagram, what feature does $X$ represent?

  Which row correctly describes the conditions for constructive and destructtdg42gvd9 a 1xive interfeg9txg 4dv12a drence in a double-slit diffraction pattern?

  A ray of light is incident on a materi9 -pk 7xl/hqzial made from three layers, each having a different optical density, so that in each layer the light travels at a diffe7 phz -l9q/xkirent speed.

- For layer 1: refractive index $=n_{1}$ and the speed of light $=c_{1}$

- For layer 2: refractive index $=n_{2}$ and the speed of light $=c_{2}$

- For layer 3: refractive index $=n_{3}$ and the speed of light $=c_{3}$

- Angle of incidence $=i$

- Angle of refraction $=r$

This is illustrated in the diagram below:




Which is the correct expression for $c_{3}$, the speed of light in the thirdlayer?

  Diamonds are highly valued becausesqp(k4t v1s2 e of their sparkle. This is caused by total internal reflection, which reflects most of the lighqte 14 sks(p2vt that falls onto a cut diamond out of the face we see. Fake gems, called 'paste', are often used in jewellery because they are cheaper. However, paste gems sparkle much less than real diamonds.

The diagrams show a possible path of light through a real diamond, and another through a fake.



If:

- $n=$ refractive index;

- $n_{d}$ is the refractive index of the diamond

- $n_{f}$ is the refractive index of the fake

- $v=$ speed of light

- $v_{d}$ is the speed of light in the diamond

- $v_{f}$ is the speed of light in the fake

Which row in the table contains only statements which must be true?

  Which of the following options will alter the frequency of 71qv d0rfwxwon2 95 lra wave?

  A sound source $X_{1}$ is positioned $w \; cm$ to the left of sound source $X_{2}$. Both sound sources are $y \; m$ below the detection line $A B$. $A B$ runs parallel to $X_{1} X_{2}$. When a sound detector is slowly moved along the line $A B$, a maxima is first detected at $P$, followed by a minima at $Q$, with another maxima at $R$ and a minima at $S$. $P Q R S$ are all equidistant apart with $X_{1} S=X_{2} S$.

Which one of the following is a correct expression for the wavelength of the sound?

  The double-slit equation describes the relationship stfq1 6x05fjhle4554lo f 2ykn:ztvk between the separation distance of the fringes on the screen, s, the distanc 1k zl2qnkvsx foj 54f5e5tly:4fh6t0e between the screen and the slits, $D$, the separation of the slits, $d$, and the wavelength, $\lambda$, of the light.

$$
s=\frac{\lambda D}{d}
$$

Which line gives the correct units for the quantities?

  Two waves from individual point sources meet at a poicgeo4e3ahd b dl: *9q6nt $X$. Which of the following conditions is necessary for stable interference pattern to be observed at point $X$ ?

  $\mathrm{K}$ is the source of a wave of frequency $25 \mathrm{~Hz}$.



The wave travels to point $M$ by two routes, $K \rightarrow L \rightarrow M$ and $K \rightarrow M$. The speed of the wave is $15 \mathrm{~m} \mathrm{~s}^{-1}$.

What is the path difference between the two waves at M in terms of the wavelength $\lambda$ of the waves?

  A double slit interference experiment is conducted using monochromatic lisa84jg3v3tt v ght of wavelevtj43g v8t a3sngth $\lambda$. The centre of the observed pattern is a bright fringe.



What is the path difference between two waves which interfere to give the second dark fringe from the centre?

  Young's double-slit exper vr.rm9y cal2 i4-mp r,a)ofd1iment is setup as shown, including a monochromatic source, a single slit, a doublem)vif9cora - y 2,dp 1r.arl4m slit and a screen. What is the purpose of the single slit in this experiment?

  When a light ray enters cpu h+,9 2oric15 fncz7r l;pfa denser medium and refracts, some of the characteristics of the wave will change. Which of the following options is correct abou z2plnifpfr; oc 1 r9,5cu+7cht this change?

  A monochromatic laser beam is shone into the surface of a tank filled with w+yi0qv3wdwr.++y1scrh -gl 0 z sxbe6jbx 44m ater. The effects on the l3bws-0lrzbv0hmd+ j gxyyi+x1r4e6+ 4 c.wqs aser beam due to the water are observed.

How will the properties of the light be affected by the water?

  The effect of a double slit on monojy-vg.bv6a++hm f b v(chromatic light is observed by the set up in the diagram below. fmgb+b y(j.6h- vv+va



Interference fringes are seen on the screen.

Which of the following changes would increase the distance between the adjacent fringes?

  In a Young's double-slit experiment, ;mwl 1a*jz)qo6e9/ mile2 )takbn 7wnthe spacing of the double slits is $d$ and the distance between the slits and the screen on which fringes are formed is $D$. When monochromatic light of wavelength $\lambda$ is incident on the slits the distance between adjacent fringes on the screen is $s$.

Which row shows another arrangement that produces a fringe spacing of $s$ ?

  A student is investigating the interferencns-:/txse( xze of waves. They set up coherent waves prodss/e ( -zn:xtxuced at points $\mathrm{S}$ and $\mathrm{T}$ and travel outwards in all directions.

The line $X Y$ is halfway between $S$ and $T$ and perpendicular to the joining line $S$ and $T$. The distance $X Y$ is much greater than the distanceST.



Which line or lines would an interference pattern be seen along?

  This diagram below shows two apertu;fv wzr6o(vrec 096 0d88wy )qkaeyuyres through which planar waves are passed as they are) vkv9z08;w 6y8( rq r0a6eefyowc ydu moving to the left. The wavefronts show crests moving in phase. Given this information, at which point will the amplitude of the waves be a minimum?



A flat plate made of glass has a refractive index of $n=1.52$. What is the speed of light within this material?

  Our fingerprints are made up of a series of ridges on the end of the fingezwylp d pj086uvf+b7+r. Thespf 6zj+0+yw7up8 dl vbe ridges can be 'read' by electronic devices.

The diagram below shows a certain type of fingerprint detector below, which works by scattering light when pressure is applied to a plastic screen. The ridges of the fingerprint press the plastic film against the glass when the finger is pressed to the screen.




When not in use, the plastic screen and the glass have a small air space between them. The diagram below shows the two possible paths for the light when the finger is pressed down.




Which row in the table correctly describes the properties of the fingerprint detector that cause the bright and dark patches on the image produced by the camera?

  The diagram shows two waves. One wave is emitted fr ltx:zlhl,yw---f1v fom source $s_{1}$ and travels to point $P$. The other wave is emitted from source $s_{2}$ and travels to point $P$.



What is the path difference between the waves?

  Which property of a wave does not change n x(ccvs4 *4m1(svozq as a result of refraction?

  Which of the following images shown below best represents the path of visible 1 r ;2e9lg. hprdelyo*gw* rn qvbl/m/bp/c89light traveling throughnorm8y9w1/q h.lre/pc/lblgbpv*92; er* gd a glass prism?

  Identical waves that begin prod)zo3jibwg8 r0q7 v.o pagation at the same time leave from two different sources and arrive at the same pointg w 8 v7)3j0q.ordbzio point $X$. The first source is $18 \mathrm{~m}$ from point $X$. The second source is $10.5 \mathrm{~m}$ from point $X$. The waves of both sources have a wavelength of $3 \mathrm{~m}$. What is observed at $X$ ?

  Which phrase correctly completes the follow j5r.vn8m4p6rk:e efvty*d: o ing sentence?

In a ray diagram showing reflection, the angle of incidence is the angle between